Immigration issues have become a center stage at various levels like regional, national and international. It can be defined as a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence. There are many reasons for immigration, such as, in search of land, a more peaceful ambiance, work, wealth, agricultural land, and a better climate or, in some cases merely to look beyond the other side of the river or the hill. The majority of people gave up its nomadic existence ages ago - still a considerable part of the world does not seem to be firmly rooted. In the 21st century, globalization, liberalization, privatization, effective communication, and transportation etc. facilitated immigration to developed countries from various parts of the world, particularly from developing countries and it also plays a major role in determining the policies of developed and developing countries.

International immigration for employment definitely will increase in future with more benefits for the sending and receiving countries, as well as for the immigrants themselves but with some undesirable consequences. It has often been a controversial issue, which leads to various types of discrimination and unequal treatment of non-nationals (particularly irregular immigrants) compared to nationals. This can and has led to tensions between both sending and receiving countries that can be ameliorated by bi-lateral and regional agreements in the context of legal dialogue. Immigration flows, both legal and illegal, and has been on the increase since the 1990s. According to official statistics, admissions of foreigners have more than doubled in the United States of America, Australia, United Kingdom and other European countries.

Free population mobility irrespective of gender discrimination, changes in immigration laws, redrawing of borders in some cases, etc., have facilitated mainly, women to immigrate to other countries. Sometimes it leads to over growing irregular immigration and trafficking of women to various countries. To protect women from trafficking, the governments of various destination countries should have agreements like bilateral or multilateral. Several countries have already setup arrangements to facilitate the movement of their nationals and to encourage immigrants to immigrate through established legal channel, still there is a need to amend or enactment of new immigration laws which give more protection and more safe to immigrants, particularly women.

Immigrants, who enter countries on temporary and on permanent basis for all types of employment like skilled, and unskilled, sometimes, limited employment such as seasonable workers. Immigrants, who are from developing or relatively poorer countries, have a tendency to opt the bottom and the top end of the employment level like dirty, dangerous and difficult jobs - 3D jobs with emphasis on construction and cultivation, highly skilled professionals move to better paid employment on the other hand. This can eventually lead to brain drain not brain gain.

There are greater cultural diversities where immigrant population is more. Generally, public concentration focuses mainly on the social rather than economic effects of immigration. There may be a problem to adjust to people of different ethnic origin and may not share the same cultural ideals. Sometimes it may lead to negative, which involve racism and xenophobia, particularly where immigrants are superficial to the situations, taking away jobs from native workers.

The events of September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks have changed the shape of immigration laws of various countries, world and their perceived effects on security have created new risks. It has ultimately affected the foreign policies, and laws of nations chiefly, immigration laws.

According to INTERPOL, secret flows into the EU have risen significantly in recent years and may already have reached half a million a year. In terms of labor immigration, the largest host countries are still Germany, France and the United Kingdom. However, there was a significant rise in the numbers admitted to Southern Europe, mainly in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain etc.

The protection of the rights of the migrant workers began with the establishment of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 1919 (which became a UN specialized agency in 1946). There are a number of ILO conventions relevant for migrant workers, beginning with the UN Convention on Basic Human Rights of Migrant Workers, 1975. Others like Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child addresses the rights and problems of women and children migrants.

Immigration has positive and negative effects, and it needs to be administered in order to reduce decent work deficits, which are particularly noticeable in relation to irregular immigration including trafficking and forced labor. The international organizations like the UNO, the ILO, the IOM [International Organization for Migration] have to play a key role in the management of immigration, and it has to concentrate more and more on the status, working conditions, relevant standards for immigrant workers, including the fundamental ILO Conventions and the ILO standards concerning private employment agencies, social security, and protection of wages, labor inspections, etc., irrespective of their religion, region, caste, color, and nationality, while working. If the ILO works effectively towards eliminating certain injurious effects of labor immigration in collaboration with other international organizations, there will be a possibility to reduce the troublesome of immigrants.

On recognizing the role and significance of immigration at the international level in various fields, principles and standards have been set forth in the relevant instruments elaborated within the framework of the ILO, especially the Convention concerning Migration for Employment (No. 97), the Convention pertaining to Migrations in Abusive Conditions and the Promotion of Equality of Opportunity and Treatment of Migrant Workers (No. 143), The ILO Conventions on migration (N 97 and N 143), the recommendation relating to Migration for Employment (No. 86), the recommendation regarding Migrant Workers (No. 151), the Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour (No. 29) and the Convention regarding Abolition of Forced Labour (No. 105).

International organizations like the United Nations Organization, The International Labor Organization Conventions, International Human Rights Commissions, Global Commission on International Migration (an interim organization which was established by the UNO, presently it is not in existence), and International Organization for Migration, etc., are making efforts to safeguard the interests and rights of immigrants. Even the governments of various countries are endeavoring to provide equal opportunities to immigrants and reforming the immigration laws.

The book is planned to contain articles relating to historical background of immigration, the impact of September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on immigration laws, political mobilization of Mexican immigrants in American cities, comparative study of the US and the United Arab Emirates immigration laws, the French immigration and integration laws, the reforms of Irish immigration laws, the challenges of migration reform, limitations and options of a strategic policy of Germany, the position of Ethiopian female migrants in Austria, a common policy on labour immigration towards a comprehensive and global approach in the European Union, immigration of health workers from South Asian countries, and related case laws.

This article "Reform Issues in Irish Law and Practice" by Aisling Ryan focuses on the Irish immigration laws, and its impact on immigrants in Ireland. Immigration and Residence Bill reflects the urgent need to reform all aspects of immigration and practice at present. The current body of immigration law largely contains the following acts in Ireland, such as, the Aliens Act 1935, the Aliens Order 1946, the Refuges Act 1996, etc. Finally, the author highlights the role of the legislature in implementing the immigration laws, the main difficulties with the current system, and need to amend the immigration laws of Ireland.

The article "Political Mobilization of Mexican Immigrants in American Cities and the US Immigration Debate" by Gustavo Cano discusses about the mobilization of Mexican immigrants and explains the involvement of Immigrant Supportive Organizations. It is based on two sources. Firstly, "The US Immigration Debate: Core Documents", secondly, "The Mexican-North Collection on The US Immigration Debate". Finally, the author discusses the important aspects relating to the mobilization of immigrants.

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks made the immigrants scapegoats and they are alleged as threat to the American way of life. This article "Restoring The Rule of Law: Reflections on Fixing The Immigration System And Exploring Failed Policy Changes" by Katherine L. Vaughns focuses on the laws of immigration, mainly, the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, the USA Patriot Act, and their effective functioning to control the illegal immigration. The impact of the guest workers program and the role of the American congress regarding the enactment of immigration laws have been highlighted.

Immigration can be defined as a permanent or temporary change of residence. It is one of the major parts of every day life in many countries. This article "Immigration in The United States And The United Arab Emirates" by William Andrew Cullen, Patrick Leary, Juliana Margarida, Stephanie Sordillo, Aisha Almuhalry, and Mona Al Marqouizi focuses on the reasons for immigration and compares the two countries, the US immigration system with the United Arab Emirates. The social structure of these two countries has evolved to conform to immigration and its effects. The policies of immigration adopted by the UAE are different from the US immigration system, mainly relating to citizenship. Finally, the author highlights that neither country has found a perfect working solution to solve immigration issues.

This article "International Migration: The Case of Ethiopian Female Migrants In Austria" by Wondwosen Teshome B. Jerusalem Negash - Wossene Horst Seidler And Hanna Zegeye assesses the migration, adaptation and the integration process of the Ethiopian female migrants in Austria. They have been facing various types of discrimination at workplace in Austria like racial, language, and wage discrimination. Finally, the author highlights the immigration policy, its rules and regulations, the Austrian Federal Law regarding to immigration, and the life history of two Ethiopian female migrants in Austria, as a case study.

This article "The 2006 French Immigration And Integration Law: Europeanisation or Nicolas Sarkozy's Presidential Keystone?" by Meng - Hsuan Chou And Nicolas Baygert examines the factors, which have contributed to the adoption of new immigration laws in France. The French government enacted the 2006 French Immigration and Integration law, which have restructured the existing French immigration laws, and highlights the role of Mr. Nicolas Sarkozy in changing the immigration and integration laws in France. Finally, the author focuses on the impact of French Immigration and Integration law on European Union level developments.

This article "The Challenge of Migration Reform In Germany - Limitations and Options of Strategic Policy Field" by Steffen Angenendt discusses the immigration policies of Germany. When we evaluate migrant populated countries with Germany, it is one of the highest proportions of immigrants. One fifth of the population in Germany has an immigrant background, which is approximately equal to the number of immigrants in a "classical" immigration country like the US. Finally, the author focuses on current immigration trends, internal security, family reunification in Germany, and the impact of European Union, in terms of "Overall Approach to Migration".

This article "Building A Common Policy on Labour Immigration towards A Comprehensive and Global Approach in The EU?" by Sergio Carrera mainly discusses the harmonizing legal position of the labor immigration and compares with different legal systems of the high skilled workers. Reconsidering the European strategy in the area of the regular immigration and chosen the European scheme in EU policy. The main goal of the European Union is to provide a more liberalized system and promote integration for labor immigrants of the labor market. Finally, the author suggests that there should be a common policy to solve the labors immigrants' relation with the European immigrants.

This article "Migration of Health Workers: Perspectives from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka" by B. V. Adkoli highlights the various facets of migration of doctors in the five South Asian countries. Migration is attributed to "push" from within the countries, as well as "pull" from Western countries in the background of globalization and free market economy. Though migration has produced some positive effect in terms of rate of remittances made by migrant populations and their vertical mobility, its overall effect on health systems has been disastrous. Finally, the author reviews some initiatives in this direction and offers some suggestions to tackle with migration issues.