People all over the world are concerned about the growing environmental problems such as depletion of ozone layer, acid rains, soil erosion, water pollution, air pollution etc. Till the 1970s, people were totally ignorant to such issues. For the first time, the Economic and Social Council of UN acknowledged the urgent need for intensified action at the national and international level to combat environmental pollution.

Human race as a whole has developed socially and economically in the last few decades. Though the rate of population growth has decreased, population itself has increased. This is because the life expectancy of humans has increased by twenty years. Nature has limited resources and they replenish at a certain rate. The increasing population and changing human activies are consuming natural resources at a faster rate.

Three fourths of the earth is covered with water. Again, 90 percent of the water on earth is in the form of Sea water. For centuries, oceans have been the center of various human activities. These activities include urbanization, construction of seaports and harbors, utilization/exploitation of natural resources (including oil production and fishing), marine aquaculture, shipping, recreation etc.

Environmental biotechnology is the development, use and regulation of biological systems for remediation of contaminated land, air and water, which encompass the environment. It stands for environmental friendly process and sustainable development in agriculture. Though the population rate has decreased, the world population is increasing every year, which is likely to be more than 9 billion by 2050.

Air Pollution and Climate Change are the utmost environmental challenges faced by the world today. Rising global temperatures bring changes in weather patterns, rise in sea levels, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. The effects of these changes have been felt globally. These changes cause severe problems for people in regions that are particularly vulnerable to change.